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Alzheimer's disease is often referred to as "dementia", which is one of the most common neurological disorders, clinically recognized as a disease of the elderly.Behavioral memory loss, cognitive impairment and personality changescharacterized by a gradual progression to severe dementia.

Due to the lack of effective early diagnosis and treatment measures, Alzheimer's disease has now become the third major killer threatening human health after cardiovascular diseases and malignant tumors.

According to experts, there are already more than 5 million Alzheimer's patients in China, accounting for a quarter of the world's population, and the number of patients will further increase as China's population ages.

A growing body of research suggests that patients with type 2 diabetes are one times more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease, and three times more likely to require insulin injections.

The primary mechanism in the development of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance, which is also involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease.

It has been found that insulin is not only an important hormone for regulating blood sugar and energy metabolism, but also acts as a neurotrophic factor involved in nerve cell survival and learning memory formation, and inhibits apoptosis. Insulin also changes the shape of nerve cells, promotes nerve cell diversity, and helps make connections between different nerve cells.

Studies have shown that by some means reducing insulin levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal lobes of the brain, which are responsible for thinking and memory, the trails directly lead to cognitive decline and unresponsiveness. Insulin also regulates the functioning of neurotransmitters, which are important factors in facilitating the ability to think and learn, so if insulin signaling is impaired, cognitive dysfunction will inevitably result.

In addition to being produced in the pancreas, which passes through the blood-brain barrier into the human brain, it can also be synthesized in brain tissues, and cognitively relevant structures such as the hippocampus, the internal olfactory area, and the cerebral cortex are capable of secreting insulin and have a high density of insulin receptors.

In addition to the production of insulin, insulin-like growth factors are also produced in the brain, and they also play an important role in the growth, metabolism, survival, and regeneration of nerve cells.

There is currently no effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease. One theory now being put forward suggests that Alzheimer's may be diabetic, a finding that offers a potential new direction for treatment: diabetes treatment drugs that improve insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity may perhaps be used to slow the progression of Alzheimer's.

To summarize: it remains to be seen whether glucose-lowering drugs can be used to treat Alzheimer's disease, but regardless of whether glucose-lowering drugs can prevent or treat Alzheimer's disease, we should also keep an eye on our blood sugar and maintain good blood sugar levels.

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1. Reduced glucose metabolism is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Abnormalities in glucose metabolism are closely related to the development of Alzheimer's disease. Diabetes disrupts glucose metabolism in the body, which in turn leads to cognitive dysfunction in the brain and the development of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, glucose metabolism disorders may be a key factor that predisposes diabetic patients to Alzheimer's disease.

2. Disorders of lipid metabolism may also be another important factor that predisposes diabetic patients to Alzheimer's disease. When diabetic patients have abnormal lipid metabolism, the plasma cholesterol level rises significantly, which in turn disrupts the structural integrity of the blood-brain barrier and increases its permeability, causing peripheral cholesterol to enter the brain, which leads to abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism in the brain.

The formation of amyloid plaques (i.e., age spots) is one of the clinical manifestations of AD, and high cholesterol promotes the aggregation of its main component protein, Aβ. Diabetic patients are highly susceptible to abnormal lipid metabolism, which also contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease.。

.3. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress

Mitochondrial dysfunction is characterized by imbalances in mitochondrial kinetics (i.e., fusion and fission), mutations in mtDNA, defects in mitochondrial biosynthesis, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and imbalances in Ca2+ homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to be associated with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

4. Insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

Insulin and insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) play a key role in maintaining energy metabolism, cell survival and homeostasis.

Insulin and IGFs maintain brain energy metabolism, neuronal plasticity, and cholinergic function, which are the basis for learning and memory.

In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, glucose utilization in the brain is reduced. As the disease progresses, metabolic dysfunctions in the brain gradually appear, including impaired insulin signaling, expression of insulin-responsive genes, decreased glucose utilization, decreased energy production, and oxidative stress.

Glucagon-like peptide-1, IGF-1 and caloric restriction have important neuroprotective effects on brain aging and brain insulin resistance.

Diabetes mellitus interferes with the energy metabolism of the brain through disorders of glucose metabolism, abnormalities in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, thereby damaging the structure and function of neuronal cells and brain regions, and ultimately inducing or accelerating the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease.

Type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent in the elderly, with a prevalence of more than 20% in people over 60 years of age. Long-term insulin resistance in older people with type 2 diabetes impairs cognitive function and can lead to cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, older people with diabetes should actively control their blood glucose, lower their lipids, and control their high blood pressure to minimize the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

Diabetes is no stranger to us, usually we talk about type 2 or type 1 diabetes, how can there be a "type 3 diabetes"? In fact, it is often referred to as Alzheimer's disease.

It is called "type 3 diabetes" because it is very similar to diabetes, except that it affects the brain.

It makes brain cells insulin resistant and unable to metabolize glucose properly, resulting in cell damage, memory loss and cognitive impairment, among other things.

Alzheimer's disease is, in a way, "diabetes on the brain", insidious in its onset, but very dangerous. People with diabetes are also at high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, with people with type 2 diabetes twice as likely to develop the disease as the general population.

Once Alzheimer's disease is present, if left untreated, memory, language and manual skills will gradually be lost, with an average survival time of only 5.5 years.

What factors predispose diabetics to Alzheimer's disease?

1. Reduced glucose metabolism is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Abnormalities in glucose metabolism are closely related to the development of Alzheimer's disease. Diabetes disrupts glucose metabolism in the body, which in turn leads to cognitive dysfunction in the brain and the development of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, glucose metabolism disorders may be a key factor that predisposes diabetic patients to Alzheimer's disease.

2. Disorders of lipid metabolism may also be another important factor that predisposes diabetic patients to Alzheimer's disease. When diabetic patients have abnormal lipid metabolism, the plasma cholesterol level rises significantly, which in turn disrupts the structural integrity of the blood-brain barrier and increases its permeability, causing peripheral cholesterol to enter the brain, which leads to abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism in the brain.

The formation of amyloid plaques (i.e., age spots) is one of the clinical manifestations of AD, and high cholesterol promotes the aggregation of its main component protein, Aβ. People with diabetes are highly susceptible to abnormal lipid metabolism, which also contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease.

3. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress

Mitochondrial dysfunction is characterized by imbalances in mitochondrial kinetics (i.e., fusion and fission), mtDNA mutations, defective mitochondrial biosynthesis, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and imbalances in Ca2+ homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to be associated with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

4. Insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

Insulin and insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) play a key role in maintaining energy metabolism, cell survival and homeostasis.

Insulin and IGFs maintain brain energy metabolism, neuronal plasticity, and cholinergic function, which are the basis for learning and memory.

In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, glucose utilization in the brain is reduced. As the disease progresses, metabolic dysfunctions in the brain gradually appear, including impaired insulin signaling, expression of insulin-responsive genes, decreased glucose utilization, decreased energy production, and oxidative stress.

Glucagon-like peptide-1, IGF-1 and caloric restriction have important neuroprotective effects on brain aging and brain insulin resistance.

Diabetes mellitus interferes with the energy metabolism of the brain through disorders of glucose metabolism, abnormalities in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, thereby damaging the structure and function of neuronal cells and brain regions, and ultimately inducing or accelerating the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease.

Type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent in the elderly, with a prevalence of more than 20% in people over 60 years of age. Long-term insulin resistance in older people with type 2 diabetes impairs cognitive function and can lead to cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, older people with diabetes should actively control their blood glucose, lower their lipids, and control their high blood pressure to minimize the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

References:

[1] Baglietto - Vargas D, Shi J, Yaeger DM, et al. Diabetes and Alzheimer's disease crosstalk [ J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2016, 64: 272 – 287.

[2] Pang Y. Metabolic disorders and the development of Alzheimer's disease in diabetic patients. International Journal of Geriatrics, 2019,40(6):372-375.

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Diabetics have very low resistance.