Urticaria, commonly known as rubella lumps, is caused by a variety of allergens that cause itchy skin eruptions, windy bumps, edema, and in some cases allergies in the intestinal tract, treatment, anti-allergy, hormone therapy.

Urticaria is also called "rubella". It is mainly characterized by itching and itchy bumps of varying sizes all over the body, with or without swelling of the lips and mouth, or swelling of the isthmus of the pharynx.

What are the causes of measles?1 Allergies, eating certain foods or taking certain medications, or coming into contact with certain animals or plants.2 Infections, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.3 Other factors, such as exposure to heat or cold, exposure to sunlight, autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic disorders, endocrine disorders, and psychiatric factors can also be involved.

What should we do if we get measles?1, if you find yourself belonging to the allergic body, then you can try to avoid taking or contact with allergy-causing foods, medicines, etc. 2, when there is an infection, then according to the specific infection can be added with antibiotics, antifungal drugs, etc., and need to pay attention to the discontinuance of suspected allergy-causing medicines, etc. 3, take antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, chlorphenamine maleate, loratadine, cetirizine, vitamin C, calcium can be used for measles, but also can be used to prevent allergic reactions. Rizine, vitamin C, calcium can be used for measles.

Urticaria, commonly known as rubella, is a limited edematous reaction due to dilation of small blood vessels and increased permeability of the skin and mucous membranes. It usually subsides within 2-24 hours, but new rashes can occur repeatedly. Urticaria is one of the most common diseases in dermatology outpatient and emergency departments. In China, urticaria is prevalent in females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2, and a small number of patients develop chronic urticaria, the course of which can last for several years, seriously affecting the patient's quality of life. The diagnosis of urticaria is relatively easy, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by seeing itchy masses in the clinic, but it is very difficult to find a clear cause of the disease. Therefore, it is very important to take a detailed medical history, including special foods and medications taken recently, past allergies, other diseases and family history, occupation, and leisure activities, and help and guide the patient to recall every detail of every change in his life as much as possible, so as to analyze and find the cause of the disease.

Urticaria, commonly known as rubella and hives, is a limited edematous reaction that occurs when small blood vessels in the skin and mucous membranes dilate and increase in permeability, resulting in itchy bumps of varying sizes on the skin. These bumps are of different sizes and shapes, red or pale in color, and will subside on their own after a few hours, leaving no traces, but new bumps will continue to appear, one after another.

According to the course of the disease, it can be divided into acute urticaria and chronic urticaria. Generally, those that recur within 6 weeks are considered acute urticaria; those with recurrent lesions for more than 6 weeks and at least two episodes per week are considered chronic urticaria. Depending on whether there is a trigger, it can also be categorized as spontaneous urticaria and induced urticaria. Some of the more common induced urticaria are cutaneous urticaria, cold urticaria, solar urticaria, pressure urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, and so on.

Some people think that urticaria is measles, in fact, there is an essential difference between the two, urticaria is mostly due to allergens into the body and caused by an allergic reaction, whether or not the onset of the patient's constitution related to the patient, there is no contagious; and measles is caused by the measles virus is a contagious disease.

Most people with urticaria heal on their own, but there is a possibility of recurrence afterward, and allergens should be sought and prevented as much as possible.

Hello, urticaria is a common disease in the clinic, it is a local edema reaction caused by the dilation of small blood vessels in the skin and mucous membranes and the increase of osmotic pressure, the main feature is the dermal edema to form localized wind-bubble-like changes, i.e., urticaria, urticaria can be classified into acute urticaria and chronic urticaria. The duration of urticaria is less than two weeks is called acute urticaria, and if urticaria attacks daily or at least twice a week for more than six weeks, it is called chronic urticaria, and the causes of these two types of urticaria are different.

Usually acute urticaria has a clear cause, such as allergic factors, physical factors, etc. Allergic factors include foods, nuts, fruits, etc., and physical factors include blowing wind, exposure to cold and heat, etc. The cause of chronic urticaria is unclear, and possible factors are being considered, such as chronic inflammation, Helicobacter pylori infection or autoimmune disease, thyroid disease, and connective tissue disease.

Urticaria is commonly known as rubella mass. It is a limited edematous reaction due to dilation and increased permeability of small blood vessels in the skin and mucous membranes, which usually subsides within 2 to 24 hours, but new rashes occur repeatedly. The course of the disease is prolonged for days to months. It is more common clinically.

Alias, rubella block.

English name, urticaria

Department of Medicine, Dermatology

Common causes, allergies, infections, heat, cold, sunlight and other stimuli, mental and genetic factors, etc.

common symptom

Often begins with itching of the skin, followed by red or skin-colored wind bumps

etiology

The causes of urticaria are very complex, and about 3/4 of patients cannot find the cause, especially for chronic urticaria. Common causes include: food and food additives; inhalants; infections; medications; physical factors such as mechanical stimulation, heat and cold, sunlight, etc.; insect bites; psychiatric factors and endocrine changes; and genetic factors.

clinical manifestation

The basic damage is the appearance of skin tingling. It is often preceded by itchy skin, followed by the appearance of a wind ball, which is bright red or pale, skin-colored, and in a few patients, edematous erythema. The size and shape of the windballs vary, and the duration of the attack is variable. They spread gradually, merging into patches, with downward depressions of epidermal follicles due to edema of the dermal papillae. The rash lasts from a few minutes to a few hours, and in a few cases it may extend to a few days and then subside without leaving a trace. The rash occurs repeatedly in batches, mostly in the evening. The rash is often generalized or limited. They are sometimes associated with angioedema, and occasionally large blisters form on the surface of the rash.

Some patients may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, headache, head swelling, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, systemic symptoms such as chest tightness, discomfort, pallor, accelerated heart rate, weak pulse, decreased blood pressure, and shortness of breath.

If the disease clears up in a short period of time, it is called acute urticaria. If the disease recurs at least twice a week for more than 6 weeks, it is called chronic urticaria. In addition to the common type of urticaria mentioned above, there are also the following special types of urticaria.

1. Skin scratching urticaria/artificial urticaria

The patient causes an increased physiologic response to weaker external mechanical stimuli, which produces windburns on the skin. The patient develops localized itchy wind bumps after scratching, or in tightly bound belts, garters, etc.

2. Delayed Skin Scratch Disease

Skin scratches appear as a windswept mass with erythema 6 to 8 hours after irritation, and the windswept mass lasts 24 to 48 hours. Late-onset lesions are more than one, forming small segments or dots along the scratches, the damage is deeper or wider, and even extends into a mass on both sides. There is localized fever and pressure pain.

3. Delayed pressure urticaria

The rash occurs 4 to 6 hours after localized skin pressure and usually lasts 8 to 12 hours. It is characterized by deep, painful localized swelling, and episodes may be accompanied by chills, fever, headache, arthralgia, general malaise, and a mild leukocytosis. Widespread localized swelling resembling angioedema is likely to occur in the palmoplantar and buttocks lesions may be preceded by a 24-hour incubation period.

4. Cholinergic urticaria

The rash is characterized by the occurrence of generalized 1 to 3 mm small winds, except for the palmoplantar, surrounded by obvious, which is sometimes seen satellite-like winds, but also can only see redness or no redness of the tiny sparse winds. Sometimes the only symptom is just itching without the windmill. The damage lasts from 30 to 90 minutes, or up to several hours. It occurs mostly during or shortly after exercise and is accompanied by itching, stinging, burning, heat, or skin irritation, and can be triggered by heat or emotional stress.

5. Cold urticaria

It can be categorized as familial or acquired. The former is more rare and is autosomal dominant. The delayed reaction occurs half an hour to four hours after exposure to cold, and the rash is a non-itchy clammy mass, which can have a bruised center surrounded by a pale halo, and the rash lasts for 24 to 48 hours with a burning sensation and is accompanied by systemic symptoms, such as fever, arthralgia, and an increase in the white blood cell count. The latter is more common, the patient often occurs in the sudden drop in temperature or after contact with cold water, itchy localized edema and wind puffs occur within minutes, mostly on the face, hands, and other parts of the body can be involved in severe cases. Headache, skin flushing, hypotension and even fainting may occur.

6. Solar urticaria

Itching, erythema, and wheals appear rapidly on the skin after a few minutes of exposure to sunlight. The rash resolves in about one to several hours after it occurs. The rash may be accompanied by chills, fatigue, fainting, and intestinal cramps, which disappear within a few hours.

7. Contact urticaria

It is characterized by the development of bullae and erythema when the skin is exposed to certain allergens. They can be divided into 2 categories: immune and non-immune mechanisms. Non-immune is caused by the direct action of the primary stimulus on mast cells releasing histamine and other substances, almost all contacts have the disease, without the need for material sensitization. The immune mechanism is a type I allergic reaction, and specific IgE antibodies can be detected.

There are also more rare types of urticaria such as heat urticaria, athletic urticaria, tremor urticaria, water urticaria, adrenergic urticaria, current urticaria, and other more rare types of urticaria, among others.

diagnostic

The disease is diagnosed on the basis of the clinical presence of a hives-like rash. Diagnosis is generally not difficult, but the causes of urticaria are complex, and determining the cause of urticaria is often difficult; therefore, it is necessary to clarify the cause of urticaria as much as possible by taking a detailed history, a detailed physical examination, and relevant laboratory tests.

curing

1. General treatment

As the causes of hives vary, so does the effectiveness of treatment. Specific measures for treatment are listed below:

(1) Remove the cause of the disease Each patient should try to find the cause of the attack and avoid it. If it is caused by infection, the infected lesion should be actively treated. For drug-induced cases, allergy medications should be stopped; for food allergy cases, find out the allergic food and don't eat it again.

(2) Avoid triggering factors such as cold urticaria should pay attention to keep warm, acetylcholine urticaria to reduce exercise, sweating and emotional fluctuations, contact urticaria to reduce the chance of contact.

2. Drug treatment

(1) antihistamines ① H receptor antagonists have a strong antihistamine and anti-other inflammatory mediators, the treatment of various types of urticaria have better results. Commonly used H1 receptor antagonists are phenylephrine, cyproheptadine, paracetamol, etc., avastin, cetirizine, imipramine, loratadine, ibastine, azelastine, dicloxacin, etc.; when the treatment is ineffective alone, you can choose to use two different types of H1 receptor antagonists in combination or with the joint application of H2 receptor antagonists, and the commonly used H2 receptor antagonists include cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine and so on. The common H2 receptor antagonists are cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, etc. It is effective for acute and chronic urticaria and cold urticaria. The dose varies from person to person. ② Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant that is particularly effective in chronic urticaria and has fewer adverse effects. Doxepin is a good choice for patients with urticaria who are not responding to traditionally used antihistamines.

(2) Drugs that inhibit mast cell degranulation and reduce the release of histamine (1) M-hydroxyisobutyl epinephrine sulfate is a β2-adrenoceptor agonist, which increases the concentration of cAMP in the body, thereby inhibiting mast cell degranulation. ② Ketotifenol Inhibits mast cell degranulation by increasing the concentration of cAMP in vivo, preventing the release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., histamine, slow-reacting substances, etc.). Its inhibition. effect is stronger and faster than that of sodium cromoglycate and can be taken orally. ③ Sodium cromoglycate Can block the binding of antigen and antibody and inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators. If combined with glucocorticoids, it can reduce the dosage of the latter and enhance the efficacy. ④ Trinilast reduces histamine release by stabilizing mast cell membrane.

(3) Glucocorticoids

For the treatment of urticaria second-line drugs, generally used for severe acute urticaria, urticarial vasculitis, pressure urticaria when antihistamines are ineffective, or chronic urticaria severe excitation, intravenous drip or oral, should be avoided long-term application. Commonly used drugs are as follows: (1) prednisone; (2) triamcinolone; (3) dexamethasone; (4) Depo-Provera. In emergencies, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone or methylprednisolone is used for intravenous drip.

(4) Immunosuppressants

When chronic urticaria patients with autoimmune basis, the condition is recurrent, the above treatment can not achieve satisfactory results, can be applied to immunosuppressants, cyclosporine has better efficacy, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and immunoglobulin can be tried, and reglanzapine also has a certain degree of efficacy. Due to the high incidence of side effects of immunosuppressants, they are generally not recommended for the treatment of urticaria.

In addition, drugs that reduce vascular permeability, such as vitamin C, vitamin P, and calcium, are often combined with antihistamines. Those caused by infectious factors can be treated with appropriate antibiotics

Urticaria is a common clinical allergic disease, which is a limited edema caused by dilation of blood vessels in the skin and mucous membranes. Itchiness usually occurs first, followed by red, pale white or skin-colored bumps, which may subside within 24 hours, or may be delayed for several days, leaving no traces after subsiding. For more serious urticaria, it can be accompanied by headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and even some shock symptoms such as drop in blood pressure, shortness of breath, chest tightness and discomfort, weak pulse and rapid heart rate.

Urticaria is commonly known as rubella block, is due to the skin, mucous membrane small blood vessel dilation and increased permeability and a limited edema reaction. Its initial manifestation for the skin edema red urticaria it also belongs to a kind of allergic diseases, it is manifested in some skin itching, the symptom is a wind ball, the wind ball can be in 24 hours within the self-subsidized, can also be delayed for a few days to subside, subside does not leave traces. For more serious urticaria, it can also be accompanied by headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and even a drop in blood pressure, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, weak pulse, rapid heart rate and other shock symptoms.

1) Urticaria is commonly known as rubella mass. It is a limited edema reaction due to dilation of small blood vessels and increased permeability of the skin and mucous membranes, which usually subsides within 2 to 24 hours, but new rashes occur repeatedly. The course of the disease extends from several days to several months. It is more common in clinical practice.2) EtiologyThe cause of urticaria is very complex, and about 3/4 of the patients cannot find the cause, especially in chronic urticaria. Common causes are: food and food additives; inhalants; infections; drugs; physical factors such as mechanical stimulation, heat and cold, sunlight, etc.; insect bites; mental factors and endocrine changes; genetic factors.